我的第二次作业

第一部分-进制转换

① 1分12秒 = （43020 ）毫秒
② （7A）13 = （101）10
③ （7A）16 = （122）10
④ （7A）16 = （172）2 = （1111010）8
⑤ （1011011）2 = （133）8 = （91）16
⑥ （678）10 = （1010100110）2 = （1246）8
⑦ （111）2 + （101）2 = （1100）2

第二部分-名词解释

1. Information:
   Information is any entity or form that provides the answer to a question of some kind or resolves uncertainty. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts. As it regards data, the information’s existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer (it exists beyond an event horizon, for example), while in the case of knowledge, the information requires a cognitive observer.
   信息(Information)是可以提供某种问题的答案或解决不确定性事物的任意实体或形式。因此，信息与数据和知识息息相关，因为数据代表了参数带来的值而知识表示对真实事物或抽象概念的理解。当考虑到数据时，信息的存在不一定与观察者有联系，而考虑到知识时，信息则需要有认知的观察者。

2. Positional notation:
   Positional notation or place-value notation is a method of representing or encoding numbers. Positional notation is distinguished from other notations (such as Roman numerals) for its use of the same symbol for the different orders of magnitude (for example, the “ones place”, “tens place”, “hundreds place”). This greatly simplified arithmetic, leading to the rapid spread of the notation across the world.
   位置标识法(Posiyional notation)或称位置值标识法(place-value notaion)是表示或编码数字的方法。位置标识法与其他标识法不同的在于它对不同数量级使用相同的符号。这种特性大大简化了算术，导致该方法迅速在世界范围内传播。

3. Algorithm:
   In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ (About this sound listen)) is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems. Algorithms can perform calculation, data processing and automated reasoning tasks.
   在数学与计算机科学中，算法是关于如何解决一类问题的明确规范。算法可以执行计算、数据处理和自动推理任务。

4. Software bug:
   A software bug is an error, flaw, failure or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways. The process of fixing bugs is termed “debugging” and often uses formal techniques or tools to pinpoint bugs, and since the 1950s, some computer systems have been designed to also deter, detect or auto-correct various computer bugs during operations.
   软件漏洞(Software bug,以下简称bug)是计算机程序或系统中的错误、缺陷或故障，它导致程序或系统产生不正确或意外的结果或以非预期的方式运行。修复bug的过程被称为”Debugging”，并且通常用正式技术或工具来查找bug。从20世纪50年代以来，一些计算机系统已经被设计成在操作期间同样进行检测与自动修复各种计算机bug。

第三部分-英文单词

1. 十进制：Decimal system。
2. 二进制：Binary system。
3. 八进制：Octal。
4. 十六进制：Hexadecimal。